PSI PHENOMENA

These are what I consider my most important contributions to the study of psi (parapsychological) phenomena, which suggest that individuals can be affected by spatially and temporally distint events:

To normalize the area by showing that hundred of eminent scientists, phislophers, etc. have studied it in the past (https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/eminent-people-interested-psi/) and continue to do so in the present (Cardeña, 2014).

I published a summary of the experimental evidence supporting the validity of psi in APA's flagship journal American Psychologist, which has been cited hundreds of times (Cardeña, 2018). Relatedly, Holmberg and I (Holmberg & Cardeña, in press) show that the pattern of findings in experimental parapsychology is comparable to that of other areas with small effect sizes.

I co-edited an award-winning anthology presenting parapsychology's state of the science, along with its limitations (Cardeña et al., 2015).

David Marcusson-Clavert and I have provided specific supportive evidence that experiencing alterations of consciousness during a psi experiment significantly increases the likelihood of producing results above chance (Cardeña & Marcusson-Clavertz, 2020; Marcusson-Clavertz & Cardeña, 2011), as well as offering a multi-site ganfeld methodology (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., in press).

Selected References (for others see my CV)

Cardeña, E. (2014). A call for an open, informed, study of all aspects of consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00017.

Cardeña, E. (2018). The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review. American Psychologist, 73, 663-677. doi: 10.1037/amp0000236

Cardeña, E. (2026). Eminent people interested in psi. https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/eminent-people-interested-psi/. Retrieved on August 19, 2026.

Cardeña, E., & Marcusson-Clavertz, D. (2020). Changes in state of consciousness and psi in ganzfeld and hypnosis conditions. Journal of Parapsychology, 84, 66-84. doi:10.30891/jopar2020.01.07

Cardeña, E., Palmer, J., & Marcusson-Clavertz, D. (2015). Parapsychology: A handbook for the 21st century. McFarland.

Holmberg, U. & Cardeña, E. (in press). Replication in small-effect research: Psi research in a broader scientific context. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice.

Marcusson-Clavertz, D. & Cardeña, E., (2011). Hypnotizability, alterations in consciousness, and other variables as predictors of performance in a ganzfeld psi task. Journal of Parapsychology, 75, 235-259.

Marcusson-Clavertz, D., Cardeña, E., Wittmann, M., Roe, C., Wahbeh, H., Simmonds-Moore, C, Dechamps, M. C. (in press). Building on the autoganzfeld: An open multisite framework for standardized ganzfeld research. Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition.